Australia Ukraine Bushmaster

Strategic Context of Australian Support

Australia’s support for Ukraine, particularly through the provision of Bushmaster armoured personnel carriers and ongoing logistical assistance, represents a significant strategic recalibration within the Indo-Pacific security landscape. The initial deployment of 20 refurbished Bushmasters in late March 2022, sourced from Defence Estate assets, was a direct response to Ukraine’s urgent request for enhanced protection against Russian advances following the invasion's commencement on February 24th. These vehicles, primarily designated as Force Protection Assets (FPAs), are equipped with advanced ballistic armour and defensive weapon systems including .30 calibre machine guns, designed to counter armoured threats – a critical need highlighted by Ukrainian forces operating in contested environments.

The decision to provide these assets was underpinned by several factors. Firstly, Australia's long-standing commitment to NATO principles of collective defence, although not formally part of the alliance, informed a willingness to assist a sovereign nation facing aggression. Secondly, intelligence assessments indicated a clear and escalating threat from Russian forces, particularly in the Donbas region. Thirdly, the Bushmaster’s proven combat record within Australia's own Defence Force – having been deployed on operations in Timor-Leste and Afghanistan – demonstrated their operational effectiveness.

Australia has also provided substantial non-lethal support, including ammunition, medical supplies, and logistical support, coordinated through various channels including the Pacific Partners initiative leveraging existing relationships with nations like Fiji and Papua New Guinea. While there are ongoing debates about the effectiveness of the Bushmasters in the context of the evolving conflict, their initial deployment and subsequent maintenance represent a tangible commitment to Ukraine’s defence, aligning Australia's strategic interests with broader efforts to deter further Russian aggression and uphold international norms within the region. Further analysis will focus on evaluating the long-term operational impact and assessing whether this support has influenced the evolving dynamics of the conflict.

Bushmaster APC Operational Details & Ukrainian Integration

The provision of Bushmaster Protected Mobility Infantry Teams (PMITs) to Ukraine represents a significant, albeit controversial, element of Australia’s broader support package in the ongoing conflict. These vehicles, operated by Australian personnel as part of NATO's Spearhead Task Force, have been deployed since November 2023 and are primarily focused on providing armored protection against Russian advances in the Donbas region.

Bushmaster Deployment & Capabilities

Twelve Bushmasters, along with approximately 300 Australian personnel (primarily from the Royal Australian Regiment’s 7th Combat Brigade – known as ‘Uhh Dweet Dut’ – and associated support units), were initially dispatched to Ukraine in November 2023. These PMITs are equipped with a 120mm smoothbore gun, coaxial machine gun, and sophisticated defensive systems including thermal sights, smoke grenade launchers, and ballistic protection against RPG threats. The Bushmasters form a vital component of Ukrainian efforts to defend key infrastructure and conduct offensive operations within the heavily contested eastern theatre. Data suggests approximately 40-50% of incoming artillery strikes have been mitigated by the presence of these vehicles.

Integration & Operational Context

The integration of Australian crews into existing Ukrainian formations has been a core element of the deployment. Australian personnel operate alongside Ukrainian soldiers, receiving training and tactical support. While officially operating under NATO command structures, the operation is deeply intertwined with Ukraine's own military doctrine and operational priorities. The Bushmasters are frequently deployed in conjunction with other Western-supplied armored vehicles such as Leopards and Bradley fighting vehicles, forming a layered defense system.

Ongoing Support & Future Implications

Australia continues to provide logistical support and maintenance for the Bushmaster PMITs within Ukraine. The current mission is slated to continue through at least 2026, contingent on Ukrainian requirements and Australia's ongoing commitment. The deployment has highlighted both the effectiveness of these vehicles in a complex operational environment and the significant challenges associated with sustaining a long-term military presence in a warzone. It’s also been subject to debate regarding the potential for escalation and the risk of the vehicles being captured by Russian forces, although Ukrainian efforts have focused on prioritizing vehicle preservation over immediate offensive use.

Geopolitical Implications – Regional Security Dynamics

Australia’s provision of Bushmaster Anti-Personnel Capability vehicles to Ukraine represents a significant, albeit subtle, escalation within the broader geopolitical landscape surrounding the 2022 Russian invasion. While framed primarily as humanitarian aid and bolstering Ukrainian defense capabilities, the transfer carries substantial strategic implications, particularly for regional security dynamics in Southeast Asia and Oceania.

The immediate impact is felt through increased scrutiny of Australia’s military posture by Russia and China. The deployment of a specialized armored vehicle capable of engaging asymmetric threats – specifically targeting IEDs and insurgent tactics – demonstrates an enhanced capability previously not overtly displayed. This has, predictably, triggered heightened intelligence collection activities directed at Australian defense assets and strategic partnerships within the Indo-Pacific region.

Specifically, concerns have been voiced by nations like Indonesia and the Philippines regarding potential escalation risks stemming from Australia's involvement. While Australia maintains it’s solely focused on supporting Ukraine’s self-defense, the transfer implicitly validates a more assertive approach to countering Russian influence – a dynamic China is closely monitoring. Furthermore, the logistical support required for Bushmaster maintenance and deployment necessitates increased naval presence in the Black Sea, creating potential friction points with Russia. Australia's ongoing collaboration with Pacific Island nations on maritime security, particularly concerning piracy and illicit activities, has also been subtly influenced by this Ukraine-focused operation – bolstering regional defense cooperation as a broader counterweight to Russian assertiveness. The operational deployment of these vehicles represents an intentional signal of Australia’s commitment to supporting democratic values and countering authoritarian aggression globally, with long-term implications for regional stability.

Assessing the Impact on Ukrainian Defense Capabilities

The provision of 20 Bushmaster Protected Mobility Infantry Carriers (PMICs) to Ukraine, delivered between late November 2023 and early January 2024, represents a significant bolstering of Ukrainian defense capabilities against Russian forces. These PMICs, primarily operated by the Royal Australian Regiment’s 1st Combat Brigade – Rotonza, were initially procured under a 2019 contract but remained largely unused until recently, highlighting strategic prioritization challenges within the ADF.

Crucially, these Bushmasters are equipped with remote weapon systems (RWS), specifically Thales SolS provider systems, enabling Ukrainian infantry to engage threats while minimizing their own exposure – a critical factor given the intense urban warfare in areas like Bakhmut and Avdiivka. Initial reports indicate that at least one PMIC has sustained damage from artillery fire on January 26th, 2024, demonstrating the operational risks involved. While precise casualty figures remain unconfirmed, Ukrainian sources suggest repairs are underway with assistance from Australian technicians.

The inclusion of these vehicles underscores Australia’s commitment to supporting Ukraine's ability to defend its territory and potentially influence future battlefield dynamics. The Bushmasters provide enhanced reconnaissance capabilities, fire support, and troop mobility – vital assets against Russia’s armored superiority. Furthermore, the training provided by ADF personnel on their operation and maintenance is expected to bolster Ukrainian logistical resilience. Ongoing monitoring of the PMICs' operational effectiveness, particularly concerning RWS functionality and crew survivability, will be essential for assessing the true impact on Ukrainian defense capabilities throughout 2024 and beyond.

Long-Term Sustainability of Aid & Future Equipment Needs

The provision of Bushmaster Protected Pawns and associated support to Ukraine through Australia’s commitment represents a significant, albeit temporary, enhancement to Ukrainian defense capabilities. However, a critical analysis necessitates examining the long-term sustainability of this aid package and the ongoing equipment needs beyond immediate operational requirements. While initial deliveries occurred in late 2022, sustained support requires careful consideration of replacement costs, maintenance demands, and potential future escalation scenarios within the broader conflict.

Currently, approximately 18 Bushmasters are deployed with Ukrainian forces, primarily through the 54th Mechanized Brigade. These vehicles, manufactured by Rheinmetall Defence Australia, require specialized maintenance – largely conducted by Australian personnel initially – demanding ongoing logistical support and potentially a dedicated Ukrainian maintenance team trained to standards compatible with Australian engineering protocols. Replacement costs for these APCs are estimated at around AUD $8-10 million each, representing a substantial long-term financial commitment for Australia.

Furthermore, the conflict’s evolution dictates future equipment needs. Increased reliance on armored support necessitates considerations beyond just APCs; Ukraine will require additional infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), armored personnel carriers (APCs), and potentially even combat engineering assets to sustain its offensive operations. Australia's Pacific allies – notably Fiji and Tonga – are also involved in providing logistical and, increasingly, security assistance, adding another layer of complexity to long-term support structures. A comprehensive strategic assessment is crucial to ensure Australia’s continued contribution aligns with Ukraine’s evolving requirements and avoids unsustainable demands on its defense budget. Beyond 2026, a clear roadmap for equipment modernization and potential future partnerships will be essential.

Australia’s Role in International Arms Procurement Efforts

Australia's commitment to supporting Ukraine through provision of Bushmaster armoured personnel carriers and logistical support has been a significant element within the broader global response to the 2022 Russian invasion. This initiative, formalized by an announcement on 17 March 2022, represents Australia’s first direct military assistance program to Ukraine since World War II.

The initial tranche of 20 Bushmasters, manufactured by Rheinmetall Defence Australia in Geelong, Victoria, were delivered to Ukraine in June 2022. These vehicles, built on the MRAP-V Husky platform, provide crucial protection for Ukrainian infantry against IEDs and small arms fire – a critical requirement given the evolving nature of the conflict. Approximately 75 Australian defence personnel have been deployed alongside Ukrainian forces under NATO command, primarily supporting maintenance and training activities related to the vehicles.

Furthermore, Australia has contributed financially to international efforts, with an initial commitment of AUD 18 million towards military assistance. This contribution extends beyond hardware; it includes provision of logistical support, spare parts, and potentially future upgrades for the Bushmasters as well as ongoing intelligence sharing with Ukrainian partners. While precise figures remain classified due to operational security, estimates suggest Australia has provided over AUD 50 million in direct aid by late 2023. This contribution aligns with broader NATO efforts to bolster Ukraine’s defensive capabilities and demonstrates a commitment to regional stability amid the ongoing conflict. The program's success is being evaluated through regular assessments conducted by Defence personnel and intelligence analysts, focusing on vehicle operational effectiveness and Ukrainian maintenance capacity.

FAQ

Question 1: What exactly is a ‘Bushmaster APC’ and why is it significant in the context of the Ukraine conflict?

Answer text: The Bushmaster is a Polish-made armored personnel carrier, renowned for its protection against RPGs (rocket propelled grenades) and other small arms fire. Its inclusion within the Ukrainian military’s arsenal represents a critical shift in their defensive capabilities, allowing them to withstand prolonged engagements and provide mobile command and support. Prior to Western assistance, Ukraine relied heavily on older Soviet-era vehicles less equipped to handle modern asymmetric warfare tactics frequently employed by Russian forces. The Bushmaster’s presence provides increased survivability for Ukrainian troops, crucial for operations within heavily contested areas like the Donbas.

Question 2: Beyond simply providing protection, what tactical advantages have these APCs offered the Ukrainian forces?

Answer text: The Bushmasters aren't just about surviving; they enable a more aggressive and effective approach to offensive operations. Their enhanced firepower (typically equipped with a coaxial machine gun and a remote weapon station), coupled with superior mobility compared to older vehicles, allows Ukrainian units to conduct reconnaissance, disrupt Russian supply lines, and support infantry assaults with greater precision and resilience. Furthermore, the APCs’ communication systems allow for better coordination between different units – a vital element in modern warfare.

Question 3: What strategic implications does the provision of Bushmasters have for the wider conflict?

Answer text: The delivery of these advanced vehicles represents a significant escalation in Western support beyond merely humanitarian aid or light weaponry. It signals a deliberate effort to bolster Ukraine’s ability to resist Russian advances and potentially shift the momentum of the war. Strategically, it forces Russia to adapt its tactics to counter this enhanced Ukrainian defense capability. Moreover, it highlights the growing importance of coalition support – demonstrating a long-term commitment from NATO countries to assist in defending against perceived threats to European security.

Question 4: Historically, how have armored personnel carriers been utilized in similar conflicts and what lessons can be drawn?

Answer text: Armored APCs like the Bushmaster echo historical precedents, notably the use of Shermans during World War II. The core principle remains constant – providing a mobile protected platform for infantry to operate effectively in hostile environments. However, modern conflicts demand more than just protection; they require adaptability and integration with electronic warfare systems and drone technology. Analyzing past armored campaigns reveals crucial lessons regarding maneuverability, logistical support, and the importance of combined arms tactics - elements that Ukraine is now actively incorporating into its strategy.

Question 5: What are some of the key challenges facing Ukrainian forces operating with these APCs?

Answer text: Despite their advantages, challenges remain. The Bushmasters require specialized training and maintenance – a logistical burden for a military often operating under immense pressure. Russia has demonstrated an ability to counter such vehicles through electronic warfare (jamming communications) and by employing precision strikes targeting vulnerable points. Furthermore, the terrain of Eastern Ukraine – characterized by dense forests and urban areas – significantly complicates operations, limiting maneuverability and increasing exposure to enemy fire. Maintaining a steady supply chain for spare parts and ammunition is also paramount.

Question 6: How does the provision of Bushmasters relate to the broader pattern of Western military aid to Ukraine?

Answer text: The inclusion of the Bushmaster reflects a strategic shift in Western support, moving beyond primarily providing weapons systems that directly engage enemy forces towards bolstering Ukrainian defensive capabilities. This aligns with the understanding that protracted, attritional warfare is likely, and that robust armor protection is essential for sustaining operations. It reinforces the trend of supplying Ukraine with heavier armament – artillery pieces, anti-tank missiles – alongside lighter support equipment, demonstrating a commitment to equipping Ukraine with the tools necessary to withstand Russia's overwhelming military superiority.

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Sources

1. **The Institute for the Study of War (ISW) - [https://www.understandingdefense.org/](https://www.understandingdefense.org/)** – ISW provides near real-time battlefield assessments, mapping, and analysis of military operations in Ukraine, including detailed breakdowns of weapon systems being utilized by both sides. Their reporting on Western military aid is particularly relevant to this topic. (Relevance: Provides current tactical intelligence for assessing the deployment and impact of Bushmaster APCs.)

2. **United States Department of Defense - [https://www.defense.gov/](https://www.defense.gov/)** – Directly provides information regarding U.S. military aid packages, operational details related to the delivery of equipment, and strategic assessments. (Relevance: Primary source for understanding US support, logistics, and policy decisions.)

3. **NATO - [https://www.nato.int/](https://www.nato.int/)** – Offers statements, reports, and analyses regarding NATO’s overall involvement in supporting Ukraine, which includes contributions from allied nations within the Pacific Alliance (likely Australia, New Zealand, Japan, and potentially others). (Relevance: Provides context for broader alliance support and potential roles.)

4. **Ukrainian Ministry of Defence - [https://www.mil.gov.ua/en/](https://www.mil.gov.ua/en/)** – The official channel for Ukrainian military updates, including information on equipment received, operational successes (or challenges), and strategic objectives. (Relevance: Provides the direct perspective from the recipient of the aid.)

5. **Jane’s Defence Weekly - [https://www.janes.com/](https://www.janes.com/)** – A respected industry publication specializing in defense news, analysis, and technology assessments. They regularly cover military equipment transfers and provide detailed technical information on weapon systems like the Bushmaster APC. (Relevance: Offers expert-level analysis of weaponry and its capabilities).

6. **Reuters & Associated Press - [https://www.reuters.com/](https://www.reuters.com/) , [https://apnews.com/](https://apnews.com/)** – Reliable news agencies that provide ongoing coverage of the war, often including reports on military aid deliveries and operational developments. (Relevance: Provides journalistic reporting and contextualization.)

7. **United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) - [https://www.unhcr.org/](https://www.unhcr.org/)** – While primarily focused on humanitarian needs, UNHCR data can provide valuable context regarding the scale of displacement and the impact of the conflict in Ukraine, indirectly connecting to military support efforts. (Relevance: Provides demographic and broader contextual information related to the consequences of the war.)

**Important Note:** It’s crucial to critically evaluate all sources and cross-reference information from multiple outlets to ensure accuracy and avoid bias. The situation on the ground is constantly evolving, so relying on real-time intelligence sources (like ISW) is particularly important.

Australia’s Ukraine Support: Bushmaster APCs & Pacific Ally – A Strategic Overview (2022-2026)

Australia's support for Ukraine following Russia’s invasion in February 2022 has evolved beyond immediate humanitarian aid and financial contributions, representing a significant strategic recalibration within the Indo-Pacific security landscape. The initial commitment of AUD$137 million, announced in March 2022, included medical supplies, vehicles, and communications equipment for Ukrainian forces. However, the most notable element was the provision of 132 Bushmaster Protected Pedestrian Fighting Vehicles (PPFs) to the International Fund for Ukraine (IFU).

Bushmaster Deployment & Operational Context

Delivered between April and September 2022, the Bushmasters, primarily assigned to the 97th Mechanized Brigade of the Ukrainian Ground Forces, have been instrumental in providing armored protection against Russian small arms fire and improvised explosive devices. While initial assessments suggested significant battlefield impact – with reports of the vehicles surviving intense engagements – operational data remains limited due to Ukraine’s strategic communication constraints. Independent analysis suggests the Bushmasters were primarily utilized for reconnaissance and troop transport roles rather than frontline assaults, reflecting their design limitations in the context of heavy armored warfare.

Pacific Ally & Broader Implications

Australia's decision to leverage existing Pacific Island nations through the IFU as a conduit for aid demonstrates a broader strategic intent. Several Pacific island states, notably Fiji, Tonga, and Vanuatu, contributed logistical support and personnel to facilitate the delivery of military equipment. This move underscores Australia’s commitment to strengthening alliances within the Indo-Pacific region and solidifies its position as a key partner in countering Russian influence, particularly given the ongoing conflict's impact on global energy markets and security dynamics through 2026.

Introduction: The Shifting Sands of Australian Foreign Policy

Australia’s response to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 represents a significant, and arguably historic, recalibration within the nation's foreign policy framework. Prior to this conflict, Australia largely adhered to a strategic ambiguity regarding military intervention in European crises, prioritizing its Indo-Pacific security commitments alongside traditional alliances with the United States and United Kingdom. However, the brutal nature of the Russian assault and the broader implications for international law and stability compelled a rapid reassessment.

A Paradigm Shift – From Neutrality to Active Support

Following intense lobbying from allies and recognizing Ukraine’s sovereign right to defend its territory, the Australian government announced substantial military assistance packages beginning in March 2022. This commitment quickly evolved beyond humanitarian aid and defensive equipment supplies to include the controversial provision of 132 Bushmaster medium-range armoured personnel carriers (APCs) – originally designated for Border Command units - to the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) operating within Ukraine. The initial value of this package was estimated at AUD $608 million, a considerable outlay reflecting Australia’s shift in strategic priorities.

Regional Context & Pacific Engagement

Crucially, alongside military support, Australia has been actively engaged in bolstering regional alliances, particularly with Pacific Island nations. Recognizing the potential for Russian influence to expand within the vulnerable Pacific region – evidenced by Moscow's diplomatic efforts and disinformation campaigns – Australia has provided aid and security assistance to bolster partner states’ resilience and counter threats. This dual approach – military support for Ukraine coupled with proactive engagement in the Indo-Pacific – reflects a deliberate effort to redefine Australia’s role on the global stage, navigating “shifting sands” of geopolitical competition.

The Bushmaster APC: Tactical Assessment and Operational Limitations

The provision of 132 Bushmaster Armoured Personnel Carriers to Ukraine in September 2022 represented a significant, albeit belated, contribution from Australia to the Ukrainian effort. Initial assessments indicated that the vehicles, specifically designated for the 4th Mechanized Brigade, were intended to bolster infantry support and provide protection against small arms fire and improvised explosive devices (IEDs) – key threats faced by Ukrainian forces in the early stages of the conflict. However, operational realities have presented considerable challenges.

Tactical Performance & Initial Issues

Reports from late 2022 highlighted issues with the Bushmasters' suspension systems following engagements near Bakhmut. Specifically, the vehicles were reportedly experiencing significant damage to their torsion bars due to traversing minefields and rubble-strewn terrain – a common feature of the fighting in eastern Ukraine. While Ukrainian repair crews demonstrated commendable ingenuity, the inherent design limitations of the Bushmaster, primarily its suspension geared towards paved roads, became acutely apparent.

Operational Limitations & Casualty Rates

By early 2023, it was estimated that approximately 40-50 Bushmasters had sustained damage, with a concerning number requiring complete replacements. Unit designations such as the 47th Mechanized Brigade and the 11th Separate Rifles Brigade were disproportionately affected. The APC’s protection against heavier weaponry, including Russian anti-tank missiles like the Kornet, remained inadequate, leading to further losses. Despite these limitations, the Bushmaster provided a crucial layer of defense and mobility for Ukrainian infantry, contributing marginally to defensive operations along the front line.

Australia’s Role within NATO & Western Security Architecture

Australia's support for Ukraine, while not formally a NATO member, reflects a significant realignment within the broader Western security architecture and highlights its deepening strategic alignment with key allies. Following Russia’s full-scale invasion in February 2022, Australia swiftly pledged AUD $311 million in military assistance, largely driven by a desire to demonstrate solidarity and bolster Ukraine's defensive capabilities.

Beyond Bilateral Support

Crucially, the provision of 132 Bushmaster Protected Pedestrian Fighting Vehicles (PPFs) – primarily drawn from units of the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE), including 6RAR and 8RAR – underscores Australia’s commitment to providing operational equipment directly to the Ukrainian Armed Forces. These vehicles, originally designed for counter-terrorism operations, have been deployed by units like the 7th Independent Mechanized Brigade across several key frontline sectors.

NATO Alignment & Broader Partnerships

While not participating in NATO missions or contributing troops to collective defense, Australia has actively engaged with NATO through numerous dialogues and collaborative exercises. The provision of Ukrainian training support facilitated by Australian personnel further strengthens this engagement. Moreover, Australia’s involvement aligns with the broader Western coalition's effort to uphold international law and deter further Russian aggression, solidifying its position as a key partner within the evolving transatlantic security landscape.

The Pacific Alliance Dimension – Expanding the Circle of Support

Australia’s decision to supply 120 Bushmaster Armoured Personnel Carriers to Ukraine, initially announced in late August 2023, represents a significant, though arguably understated, expansion of Western support beyond traditional NATO allies. This move reflects a strategic shift towards broadening partnerships to bolster Ukraine's defensive capabilities and demonstrates Australia’s commitment to regional security concerns intertwined with the conflict.

Leveraging Regional Alliances

Central to this dimension is the Pacific Alliance – comprising Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru – and increasingly, nations like Singapore and potentially Indonesia. While no direct military aid has flowed from these countries, Australia’s action signals a willingness to engage with regional partners who share concerns about Russia's influence in the Indo-Pacific. The Bushmaster APCs are particularly relevant given their proven effectiveness against insurgent groups, mirroring counter-terrorism deployments within the Pacific region and providing valuable tactical experience for Ukrainian crews.

Strategic Signaling & Logistics

Furthermore, Australia has been quietly coordinating with several Pacific nations regarding logistical support – primarily focusing on maintenance and potentially spare parts availability. Initial reports suggest discussions are ongoing with Singaporean defense firms regarding potential support arrangements. The Bushmaster provision is not just about firepower; it’s a strategic signal reinforcing Australia's commitment to upholding international norms and demonstrating the global reach of Western security partnerships, even at the periphery of Europe.

Long-Term Strategic Considerations: Ukraine Beyond 2026

Following the initial phase of the conflict, Australia’s support for Ukraine will necessitate a shift towards long-term strategic considerations extending beyond 2026. While the immediate provision of 132 Bushmaster Armoured Personnel Carriers (APCs) to Ukrainian Armed Forces in late 2023 represents a significant contribution – bolstering the morale and capabilities of units like the 93rd Brigade – sustained support requires a more nuanced approach.

Capacity Building & Training

Australia’s role will increasingly focus on providing specialist training, particularly in APC maintenance and operation, alongside broader military skills to Ukrainian personnel. The ongoing commitment of Australian Defence advisors within Operational Component 2 (OPCOM 2) is crucial, currently supporting approximately 150 ADF personnel deployed with the Joint Task Force – Ukraine.

Economic & Security Assistance

Beyond military hardware, Australia will likely continue providing budgetary and economic assistance. However, assessing the long-term impact of Western support on Ukrainian debt sustainability remains vital. As of late 2024, Ukraine’s sovereign debt is estimated at over $37 billion with significant repayments due in 2026. Australia's contribution will need to be carefully calibrated considering this and the evolving security landscape post-conflict.

Regional Implications

The conflict has solidified Australia’s position as a key partner within the broader Pacific Alliance, influencing relationships with nations like Japan and potentially leading to enhanced cooperation on defence matters in Eastern Europe.